Agricultural Finance and Credit: Study of credit needs of farmers for purchasing inputs, investing in machinery, or building infrastructure. Sources of agricultural finance – institutional (banks, cooperatives) and non-institutional (moneylenders). Role of crop insurance, interest subsidies, and government schemes in supporting farmers.

Agricultural Marketing: Understanding the marketing channels, supply chains, and price determination mechanisms for agricultural produce. Analysis of market structures (regulated markets, APMCs, private markets, online platforms) and price trends. Importance of grading, standardization, storage, and transportation in reducing post-harvest losses and ensuring fair prices.

Agricultural Policy and Rural Development: Study of government policies related to MSP (Minimum Support Price), subsidies, procurement, and rural credit. Role of agriculture in employment generation, poverty alleviation, and national economic development.